Final Exam in Principles of Sociology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Last, most important test in Principles of Sociology - Essay Example The lungs of the asthma patients recoil extensively, and when they inhale they feel like ‘breathing through a straw’. Definition makes it hard for some asthma patients to get ideal medicinal services and many low pay class individuals discover it practically difficult to manage the cost of powerful medicines for the illness. The immense measure of cash spent on clinical treatment and hospital expenses make it incomprehensible for them to have different necessities of life, for example, great hosing and sound day to day environments. All these add to their own difficulties and torments. A comprehension of Mills’ impression of the sociological creative mind is significant in understanding the large scale level powers that add to open issues like asthma. Factories sees sociological creative mind as a perspective that accepts that human conduct is formed through social association; as per him, one’s individual encounters are constantly connected to the social settings, for example, the overarching milieu, the association among history and life story, and the acknowledgment that one’s individual difficulties are frequently the aftereffects of open issues of social culture. He accepts that the sociological creative mind would empower one to â€Å"understand the bigger authentic scene as far as its importance from the internal life and the outside vocation of an assortment of individuals† (Cargan and Ballantine 30). The social powers that add to asthma are the inconsistent conveyance of intensity and salary, the mental and social requirements t hat the asthma patients are liable to in the American culture. While clinical professionals hold that asthma can be forestalled through â€Å"right drug, clean air, and a sensibly tranquil life†, some low-pay asthma patients feel this is â€Å"both good natured and useless† (Corbett 59). The low-salary asthma patients are frequently unfit to pay the immense measure of hospital expenses and these unpaid doctor's visit expenses cause mental and mental

Dickens presents the characters of Gradgrind Essay Example For Students

Dickens presents the characters of Gradgrind Essay Presently, what I need is, Facts. With these initial words to Hard Times, verbally expressed by Thomas Gradgrind, Dickens declaims Gradgrinds values throughout everyday life. Gradgrinds gives his directions to the class instructor in unequivocal terms, utilizing redundancy of the word Facts a few times to accentuate his thin vision of the motivation behind training and he closes with the words Stick to Facts, sir! Through his ensuing depiction of the study hall and of Gradgrinds physical appearance Dickens quietly gives us a thought of his very character. The depiction of the room as a plain, exposed, dreary vault of a schoolroom matches the firmness and robustness of both Gradgrinds character and his physical appearance. He even diagrams his appearance in structural terms, discussing his square mass of a temple and by redundancy of the descriptive word square, as in square index finger, square coat, square legs, square shoulders, we are given a dream of tenacious straightness, tedium and strength. This is accomplished in a straightforward, amiable way (like Gradgrind himself), using incongruity and a misrepresented, humorous amusingness, which allures the peruser into conniving with the author in his joke of Gradgrind. In Chapter II he builds up this topic using allegories, for example, prepared to gauge any package of human instinct, and we comprehend that Gradgrind is with no creative mind or compassionate emotions and is pleased with it, seeing worth just in quantifiable and incontestable Facts. Dickens at that point presents us with two differentiating youngsters in the types of Sissy and Bitzer. By and by he utilizes both the depiction of the room (Sissy came in for the start of a sunbeam of which Bitzer.caught the end) and their differentiating physical appearances underline the contrasts between them. Sissy is given in bright, beautiful terms yet Bitzer is depicted as cold and unwholesomely inadequate in the common tinge, urging the peruser to esteem normal, human feeling over cold and exposed realities. The selection of names, an alliterative minor (Sissy) for her rather than the warlike last name of Blitzer for the kid, gives a differentiating feel to the manner in which we are relied upon to see these two characters. Bitzer is adulated for his genuine meaning of a pony, utilizing no innovative language, and along these lines Dickens gives us that creative mind is utter horror to everybody we have met up until this point, aside from Sissy. Our compassion towards her is stirred as she gets befuddled, scared and mortified by the grown-ups. Only she is depicted in emotive terms, for example, tossed into the best alert. Only she utilizes words, for example, beautiful and wonderful. In this way by methods for incongruity, distortion, similitude, and silliness we are acquainted with these three characters. Dickens utilization of redundancy, strange and deliberately picked names and suitable descriptive words drives us to comprehend the clashing goals and characters of the characters and uncovered the equal clash among utilitarianism and philanthropy which is a consistent subject of the book. What impression does Dickens give us of the Gradgrinds home life? Take a gander at the conduct of Tom and Louisa. What is our impression of them in Ch. 3 and toward the finish of Ch. 4? Dickens conveys the chilly, rigid feel of Gradgrinds optimism into his home life and family and, by rehashing the word model, passes on Gradgrinds benevolent feelings. As in the past, hard realities proliferate and pressure is applied to make model youngsters. Dickens utilizes overwhelming incongruity to show how the youngsters are kept from getting a charge out of typical puerile joys and conduct. The house itself is suitably called Stone Lodge and the subject of plain, uncovered and repetitive from Chapter II is proceeded with articulations, for example, an incredible square house, all managed straight. Correlations are made between the house and Grandgrinds dim appearance and the utilization of similitude proceeds with when Dickens discusses bits of stone and mineral (two hard substances in themselves) in the childrens metallurgical cupboards being parted from the parent substances. .ub4ecdff78b58c7bcdb0e4950537e8e8b , .ub4ecdff78b58c7bcdb0e4950537e8e8b .postImageUrl , .ub4ecdff78b58c7bcdb0e4950537e8e8b .focused content zone { min-stature: 80px; position: relative; } .ub4ecdff78b58c7bcdb0e4950537e8e8b , .ub4ecdff78b58c7bcdb0e4950537e8e8b:hover , .ub4ecdff78b58c7bcdb0e4950537e8e8b:visited , .ub4ecdff78b58c7bcdb0e4950537e8e8b:active { border:0!important; } .ub4ecdff78b58c7bcdb0e4950537e8e8b .clearfix:after { content: ; show: table; clear: both; } .ub4ecdff78b58c7bcdb0e4950537e8e8b { show: square; change: foundation shading 250ms; webkit-progress: foundation shading 250ms; width: 100%; murkiness: 1; progress: obscurity 250ms; webkit-progress: darkness 250ms; foundation shading: #95A5A6; } .ub4ecdff78b58c7bcdb0e4950537e8e8b:active , .ub4ecdff78b58c7bcdb0e4950537e8e8b:hover { mistiness: 1; progress: haziness 250ms; webkit-change: murkiness 250ms; foundation shading: #2C3E50; } .ub4ecdff78b58c7bcdb0e4950537e8e8b .focused content territory { width: 100%; position: rela tive; } .ub4ecdff78b58c7bcdb0e4950537e8e8b .ctaText { fringe base: 0 strong #fff; shading: #2980B9; text dimension: 16px; textual style weight: intense; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; content embellishment: underline; } .ub4ecdff78b58c7bcdb0e4950537e8e8b .postTitle { shading: #FFFFFF; text dimension: 16px; text style weight: 600; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; width: 100%; } .ub4ecdff78b58c7bcdb0e4950537e8e8b .ctaButton { foundation shading: #7F8C8D!important; shading: #2980B9; outskirt: none; outskirt span: 3px; box-shadow: none; text dimension: 14px; text style weight: striking; line-tallness: 26px; moz-outskirt range: 3px; content adjust: focus; content enhancement: none; content shadow: none; width: 80px; min-stature: 80px; foundation: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/modules/intelly-related-posts/resources/pictures/basic arrow.png)no-rehash; position: total; right: 0; top: 0; } .ub4ecdff78b58c7bcdb0e4950537e8e8b:hover .ctaButton { foundation shading: #34495E!important; } .ub4ecdff78b5 8c7bcdb0e4950537e8e8b .focused content { show: table; tallness: 80px; cushioning left: 18px; top: 0; } .ub4ecdff78b58c7bcdb0e4950537e8e8b-content { show: table-cell; edge: 0; cushioning: 0; cushioning right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-adjust: center; width: 100%; } .ub4ecdff78b58c7bcdb0e4950537e8e8b:after { content: ; show: square; clear: both; } READ: Discuss the sensational effect of the gallery scene EssayOur beginning impression of Tom and Louisa is that the hard, authentic childhood they have encountered has not prevailing in thoroughly pounding their characteristic silly soul. Dickens decides to acquaint them with us as they secretly set out to snatch a brief look at a bazaar through an opening in the carnival tent something any ordinary kid may do. He utilizes this occurrence to show that in spite of Gradgrinds best endeavors at raising them to esteem realities alone, they have held a characteristic adolescent interest and satisfaction throughout everyday life. The b azaar individuals are portrayed in good humored, jaunty and mock over the top language, giving a sentiment of ability to entertain, embellishment, fervor and fun everything which would be completely opposed by Gradgrind and have been denied the youngsters.

Blog Archive What I Learned atOxford Universitys Said Business School, Part 2

Blog Archive What I Learned at…Oxford University’s Said Business School, Part 2 In our “What I Learned at…” series, MBAs discuss the tools and skills their business schools provided as they launched their careers. Paul Watson is the co-founder and COO of  Ledbury, a producer of high-quality menswear created in response to a simple problem: the difficulty of finding a great-fitting shirt. In Part 2 of this four-part series, Paul talks about how team building and business creation projects at Saïd  helped him understand how to use his personal strengths and weaknesses to turn an idea into a successful business. The Said Business School at Oxford University is an entrepreneurially focused program. Not only was there the traditional business school focus on the case study method, utilizing small groups for collaboration and problem solving, but there were also two key projects over the course of the year that focused on team building and business creation. These projects gave us important insight into the process of taking an idea and building it into a functioning business. The first was the Entrepreneurship Project. In the third term, all students were required to take part in this project, in which students teamed up in groups of four to five to develop, write and present a business plan. All aspects of the project were assessed and gradedâ€"including the final presentation, which was given to an outside panel of venture capitalists and industry experts. The result was a deeper understanding of the keys to success in business plan writing and techniques for raising capital from outside investors. The second was the Strategic Consulting Project (SCP). The SCP was an external consulting project done by a small group of students for a private company or non-governmental organization. The group of students would spend two to three months tackling a specific issue or problem for the company/organization and present their findings at the end of the term. The project provided us with a chance to work in new industries, continue our group-oriented learning and work in a setting outside campus. Both projects offered valuable insight into new industries and the importance of teamwork in the start-up environment. My experience with the Entrepreneurship Project offered me an invaluable opportunity to explore the retail sectorâ€"in which I now work. Additionally, it was an early proving ground for my relationship with my now business partner. It offered us a chance to see our compatible and complimentary working styles and was key in our decision to start Ledbury, as we had a solid understanding of one another’s strengths and weaknesses. Share ThisTweet Oxford University (Saïd Business School) What I Learned at...

Post Operative Nursing - 3821 Words

A surgical nurse is responsible for monitoring and ensuring quality healthcare for a patient following surgery. Assessment, diagnosis, planning, intervention, and outcome evaluation are inherent in the post operative nurse’s role with the aim of a successful recovery for the patient. The appropriate provision of care is integral for prevention of complications that can arise from the anaesthesia or the surgical procedure. Whilst complications are common at least half of all complications are preventable (Haynes et al., 2009). The foundations of Mrs Hilton’s nursing plan are to ensure that any post surgery complications are circumvented. My role as Mrs Hilton’s surgical nurse will involve coupling my knowledge and the professional†¦show more content†¦Is Mrs Hilton breathing too fast or too slow, does her skin colour show signs of insufficient oxygen circulation, is she confused and showing signs of distress, is there any blood or signs of infection in he r sputum? A systematic review undertaken by Smetana (2009) identifies postoperative respiratory failure as an example of cascade iatrogenesis i.e. serial development of multiple medical complications that can be set in motion by a seemingly innocuous first event. In this case, Mrs Hilton’s open cholecystectomy is that first event. Smetana (2009) points out that: when an older patient with postoperative pain is over-sedated, a decline in respiratory function occurs, that if not recognized, can result in respiratory failure that requires mechanical ventilation, that again, if not managed properly can culminate in ventilator-associated pneumonia and even sepsis and death (p.1529). After her upper abdominal surgery Mrs Hilton may have difficulty with deep breathing and coughing due to pain however both are essential interventions for prevention and treatment of respiratory infections and complications. Brown et al. (2008) recommend that when Mrs Hilton is awake, turning, coughing and d eep breathing should be encouraged every one to two hours as this aids in the removal of secretions and prevents mucous plugs. They also encourage mobility when possible to increase respiratory excursion. Moreover, as Mrs HiltonShow MoreRelatedDiagnosis Of Post Operative Nursing Interventions1507 Words   |  7 Pagesintra-capsular fracture of the hip at the femoral neck. She has a history of severe rheumatoid arthritis, had an upper GI bleed in 1993 and had coronary artery disease bypass graft 9 months ago. In this essay I will discuss the entire continuum of post-operative nursing interventions in the first 24 hours with more emphasis on pain management for Ms Sue following Total Hip Replacement (THR) Pathology There is a high prevalence of degenerative joint conditions such as osteoarthritis among the older adultsRead MoreNursing Assessment And Comprehensive Post Operative Planning For An Elderly Patient Undergoing A Total Hip Arthroplasty2119 Words   |  9 Pagesall health care professionals. It is the role of the registered nurse within the orthopaedic ward to provide holistic assessment and comprehensive post-operative planning to facilitate client centred care for an elderly patient undergoing a total hip arthroplasty (Walker, 2012). The purpose of this essay is to identify and prioritise appropriate nursing assessments and care provided for an elderly man (Mr. Simons) transferred to the Orthopaedic ward from the Emergency Department via operating theatresRead MoreEnhanced Recovery After Surgery (Eras) Are A Relatively1681 Words   |  7 Pagesincluding pre, intra and post-operative phases. I will analysis two research papers which highlight the use of ERAS protocols and define a variety of protocols and focus on four ERAS protocols which are commonly used in surgical nursing. Literature search For preparation of this paper I explored the University of the Fraser Valleys library databases to find relevant articles pertaining to ERAS protocols. I first began my research by searching for key word such as surgical nursing interventions, ERASRead MoreIdentifying a Researchable Problem695 Words   |  3 Pagesa topic of interest. The problem is then researched to solve it. In nursing practice research problems is the basis for evidence-based practice (EBP). â€Å"Evidence obtained from the study should have potential to contribute meaningfully to nursing practice† (Politamp; Beck, 2012, p77). The purpose of this paper is to summarize an area of interest, identify a problem, and explain the significance of this problem for nursing practice. Area of Interest andRead MoreThe Recovery Room1612 Words   |  7 Pagesunit (PACU) of the 21th century, the look and function of this unit have been in a constant state of evolution. Throughout the six past decades, surgical procedures have become more extensive and complicated and thus require more specially prepared nursing staff and equipment for the care of the patient (Odom-Forren, 2013). The PACU of today is an intensive care specialty that provides care to wide range surgical patients. Many of these patients have more than one chronic condition, such as chronicRead MoreHip Arthroplasty765 Words   |  4 Pagesand is one of the most common reconstructive operations (Huo et al 2008). Hip arthroplasty may be performed when irreversible damage has occurred to the joint; this damage often causes pain, dysfunction and reduced quality of life. The pre-operative nursing considerations begin with patient education. This should begin at the time the decision is made to have the surgical procedure performed. It is important that the patient understand the preoperative requirements, the surgical procedure, postoperativeRead MoreMusic and Well-Being Essay1667 Words   |  7 Pagessituation for a patient undergoing surgery. Moreover, Pellino, et al (2005) sustained that â€Å"pain is a multidimensional experience, consisting of not only physical stimuli but also psychological interpretations of pain† (p. 182). Alleviating peri-operative pain is traditionally achieved with the use of pharmacological interventions. analgesia can incur undesirable side-effects like drowsiness, nausea and vomiting. Controlling the pain by complimenting analgesics with the use of non-pharmacologicalRead MoreManagement of Pain Analysis1195 Words   |  5 PagesThroughout my life, I have undergone many dental operations, giving me first hand e xperience on post-operative pain and it’s management. After being exposed to long term care settings for clinical, I would like to take this opportunity to increase my knowledge on a topic that, besides my own personal experiences, I have not been heavily exposed to in a learning environment. Pain, defined in Kozier et al. (2014) as â€Å"an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potentialRead MoreRotator Cuff Surgery: Case Study Questions1706 Words   |  7 Pagesremoved from work. A more effective strategy of referral to social work and public assistance resources may have been employed to preemptively improve the mental state of the patient as he entered into his procedure. Q2. Whilst the patient is in the Post-Anaesthetic Care Unit (PACU), identify and provide rationale for airway management as related to the case study There is a pressing need for effective airway management during arthroscopic shoulder surgery based on the unique supine position requiredRead MoreProfessional Roles and Values Essay1577 Words   |  7 PagesConnecticut Board of Nursing, and a Professional Nursing Organization, such as ASPAN? The former is the state regulatory agency that a person who after meeting all the requirements, can apply for a nursing license. The latter is a specific organization that focuses on a specific type or filed of nursing. A Professional Nursing Organization can offer continuing education programs, course specific seminars and certification in that specialty. The State Board of Examiners for Nursing have positions appointed

An Ethical Implication of Organ Transplants - 3625 Words

An Ethical Implication of Organ Transplants Nickolus Sorenson Health Care Ethics and Medical Law Instructor: Kymberly Lum September 24, 2012 All aspects of health care face the inevitability of moral and ethical issues arising on numerous fronts. The organ donation and transplantation field of medicine is no exception. Each day, approximately 18 people die waiting for an organ to become available for transplant (Taranto, 2010). In the grand scheme of things this may not seem a significant number; however, the fact that over 6,500 individuals with families, friends, and an otherwise productive life will die needlessly every year is obviously a far cry from acceptable. This particular lack†¦show more content†¦Organ and tissue transplantation has been around for quite some time but has only relatively recently become an accepted practice of medicine. Historically, a number of successful transplants occurred even in ancient times. Take, for example, the Indian surgeon, Shushruta, performing a skin graph to repair damage to another man’s nose in the second century B.C. (Paul, 2008). But it wasn’t until the successful kidney transplant preformed by Dr. Joseph Murray between twins and then again with a cadaver donation in 1954, for which immunosuppressant drugs were prescribed to ward off rejection, that organ transplant began to attract wide scale interest (Powell, 2011). Prior to the National Organ Transplant Act of 1984, donors were able to legally sell their organs for a substantial sum. Conceivably, the poorest members of society were still the most frequent donors but their health concerns were considered and the procedure was preformed properly (Economics Resource Center, 2006). Now that legal financial incentives for donors have been taken off the table in the United States to avoid this treatment of the poor, resulting in the advantageous yet unethical acquiring of organs no longer being available, there is now a shortage of organs for donation. The consequence is that the call for availableShow MoreRelatedOrgan Donation And The Ethical Implications1441 Words   |  6 Pag esof becoming an organ donor can save lives and improve the quality of life of the recipient. When an individual is in need of an organ transplant, it is typically known that they are in need of an organ that facilitates a restoration of physiological functioning and will often mean the difference between life and death. A vast majority of individuals are apprehensive about what happens to their bodies after their death. In this paper we will go through the origins and history of organ donation, theRead MoreExplanation Of Moral Dilemma Or Issue Essay1289 Words   |  6 PagesDilemma or Issue. Answer: Back in 2011, roughly 90,000 people were on waiting lists for organ transplants. People on these waiting lists wait on average for three and a half years before receiving a donor transplant, if they can make it that long. Because the waiting lists for transplants and donors are so long and take a period of time to find the perfect match, people are resulting to illegally purchasing the organ in need from the underground economy, or â€Å"Black Market† (New Internationalist All postsRead MoreThe And Its Effect On Human Life921 Words   |  4 PagesWith recent advances organ transplants have advances dew hope for the treatment of kidney, Liver diseases. However, this promise has been accompanied by several issues. The most common issue has raised its ethical implications in the culture like Muslim world, because in 1983, the Muslim Religious Council disallowed organ donations by supporters of Islam, but it has overturned its position, as long the donor s consent in writing befo re death.. Transplanted Islam powerfully believes in the principleRead MoreEthics and Organ Donation1598 Words   |  7 PagesPaper Ethical Issues Related to Organ Donations In 1983 Dr H Barry Jacobs, a physician from Virginia, whose medical license had been revoked after a conviction for Medicare mail-fraud, founded International Kidney Exchange, Ltd. He sent a brochure to 7,500 American hospitals offering to broker contracts between patients with end-stage-renal-disease and persons willing to sell one kidney. His enterprise never got off the ground, but Dr Jacobs did spark an ethical debate that resultedRead MoreMedical Services : A New Sector Of The Overall Tourism Industry1732 Words   |  7 PagesTransplant tourism is a new sector of the overall tourism industry. It focuses on an individual’s ability to travel to a place where they have no permanent residence in order to receive medical services, specifically organ transplants. This paper will seek to give some of that foundational knowledge and explore those ethical and moral considerations to further explain the ways in which this field is growing and how/why so many more Canadians appe ar to be in support of it. Transplant tourism in someRead MoreOrgan Transplantation Essay1225 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction Organ transplantation is a medical act which involves the surgical operating by transferring or removing of an organ from one person to the other, or placing the organ of a donor into the body of a recipient for the replacement of the recipients damaged or failed organ which resulted from impairment of normal physiological function affecting part or all of an organism or an act that causes someone to receive physical damage. Lately, there is an emerging innovation whereby organs are createdRead MoreUse Of Bio Printers As A Replacement For Current Organ Donation Treatments1442 Words   |  6 Pageswhich 3D printing technology can be implemented in. In this paper, the potential use of bio-printers as a replacement for current organ donation treatments was investigated. The current organ situation in Australia was explored to assess whether the implementation of bio-printing was suitable. It was discovered that more than 1,500 people are on the Australian organ transplant waiting list, and was thus concluded that bio-printing technology could assist in reducing stress on the waiting lists. FurtherRead More The Benefits of Xenotransplantation Essay1535 Words   |  7 Pagesimagined a world where animal organs could be safely transplanted into humans. A few years ago, this process called xenotransplantation, was completed for the very first time. The only dilemma critics had with the process involved the chances of infection and organ rejection from the patient. Through experimentation and advances made in the process, these problems have been greatly reduced. Some doctors believe that xenotransplantation will perfect our world one transplant at a time by providing anRead MoreThe Ethics Of Stem Cell Research1365 Words   |  6 Pagesact as a repair system for many tissues in the body by dividing repeatedly to replenish other cells within a person (National Institutes of Health). Stem cell research seeks to further the advancement of the use of stem cells as well as to find an ethical way to study them. In November 1998, researchers found a way to isolate and culture human embryonic stem cells, (Bevington 2005). The ethics of stem cell research has been debated over the years and some people fully support the use of stem cellsRead MoreBiomedical Example861 Words   |  4 PagesExample In 1995 Mickey Mantle received a liver transplant due to a failing liver caused by hepatitis and cirrhosis. He was a Baseball Hall of Fame center fielder for the New York Yankees. Even though the usual waiting period for a liver transplant in the United States is about 130 days, Mickey Mantle only had to wait two for the hospital to find an organ donor for him. It took only two days for the Baylor Medical Center’s transplant team to find an organ donor for the 63-year-old former baseball hero

Article Review of A Livelihoods Analysis of the Water...

The source that I have chosen to discuss is A livelihoods analysis of the water taxi operators in the Grenadines, by A. Cooke, R. Mahon and P. McConney. The article appeared in CERMES Technical Report No. 9, and was published in 2007. The following is an excerpt from this source: ORIGINAL SOURCE: The major daily operating costs relate to the gasoline and oil consumed for the water taxi operation. The cost of preparing food for customers when requested is incurred by some operators. Few operators could give an accurate account of how much they spend. Many could however estimate the cost of gasoline and oil for daily operation and in some cases for a trip to the Tobago Cays (Appendix 6). According to one operator from Carriacou, his boat which is 6.5 m long uses up to 75 litres of gas per day costing up to US$60.00 along with the four bottles of oil which cost US$5.00/bottle Many operators do not have insurance for their boats: liability or boat loss. This is due to the difficulty in getting insurance for wooden boats. Two operators do however have their boats insured. One is among the largest boats which has passed the inspections of the Grenada Port Authority. The premium is US $5000.00 each year. In addition he is required to pay XCD$275.00 in tax each year on his operation. These costs along with the other operation, maintenance and repair costs are proving to be burdensome given the low recent tourist arrivals in Carriacou. This paragraph discusses the

Jean Piaget (2099 words) Essay Example For Students

Jean Piaget (2099 words) Essay Jean PiagetIntroductionNow known as one of the trailblazers of developmental psychology, Jean Piaget initially worked in a wide range of fields. Early in his career Piaget studied the human biological processes. These processes intrigued Piaget so much that he began to study the realm of human knowledge. From this study he was determined to uncover the secrets of cognitive growth in humans. Jean Piaget’s research on the growth of the human mind eventually lead to the formation of the cognitive development theory which consists of three main components: schemes, assimilation and accommodation, and the stage model. The theory is best known for Piaget’s construction of the discontinuous stage model which was based on his study of children and how the processes and products of their minds develop over time. According to this stage model, there are four levels of cognitive growth: sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, and formal operational. While a substantial amount of psychologists presently choose to adhere to the constructs of the information processing approach, Piaget’s ground breaking cognitive development view is still a valuable asset to the branch of developmental psychology. Whether or not Piaget uncovered any answers to the mysteries of human knowledge is disputable, but one belief that few dispute is that Jean Piaget did indeed lay a strong foundation for future developmental psychologists. Historical BackgroundIn 1896 the summer in Switzerland was just an ordinary, uneventful three months. However, during this ordinary and uneventful span of time, a child was born who would become an extraordinary developmental psychologist and fulfill the future with ground breaking events in the field of cognitive psychology. He was the son of an intelligent man and a stern, smart religious woman, and the godchild of respected epistemologist Samuel Cornut. With such scholarly surroundings, there is little surprise that Jean Piaget developed into such an intelligent individual. At age eleven, young Piaget wrote a paper on albino sparrows and got it published. This publishing provided him with the opportunity to meet a man who would turn out to be very influential, Paul Godet, the curator at the local museum. Young Piaget also benefited highly from his prestigious high school in Neuchatel, along with the aforementioned godfather Samuel Cornut who introduced him to one of the two fields he would grow to love, epistemology, and the most of all Jean Piaget’s parents who not only instilled an academic home environment but also provided a solid religious background. Another big moment came in the from of a book. Piaget names Henry Bergson’s L’Evolution Creatrice as the most influential piece of writing he has ever read in his adult life. From this book Piaget developed a desire for biology to go along with his existing interest in philosophy, epistemology to be exact. Piaget stated in his first two books that he had ambitions of constructing a structure that addressed the basic questions of epistemology. However, Piaget’s strong initial interest in philosophy declined somewhat when he discovered that the philosophers did not really know any factual answers to questions that have plagued humanity. Piaget now became equally interested in biology and epistemology. This dual interest attracted him to psychology, yet he still was unsure of what direction he should take in his career. It was not until Piaget traveled to Paris to hear his favorite writer of the time, Bergson, that he began to get an idea of what he wanted to do. There Piaget met James M. Baldwin who would motivate him and teach him the importance of imitation and of reversible operations. Both of these qualities would play a key role in the formation of Piaget’s development theory. However, Piaget’s major turning point came when the co-worker of the late Alfred Binet, Dr. Simon, requested that he standardize an intelligence test. Piaget flourished in the role of answering complex philosophical questions. Yet, Piaget did not go along with the traditional epistemologists who simply laid back and tried to conjure up answers. Piaget opted for the more biological-type of experiments with epistemology topics. This method of biological experimentation with epistemology gave Piaget the motivation to begin testing children and to do what he felt he was destined to do, determine how the mid grows. His result was the cognitive development theory. Theoretical ConstructsThe cognitive development theory is Jean Piaget’s attempt to explain how the human mind develops. A common description of Piaget’s view of the mind is that it is and active biological system that uses environmental information to fit with or adjust to its own existing mental structures. Now, to describe how this biological system develops, Piaget breaks the development process down into three main components: schemes, assimilation and accommodation, and the stage model of cognitive growth. Schemes are the structure or organizations of actions as they are transferred by repetition in similar or analogous circumstances. In simple terms, schemes guide thoughts based on prior experiences, thus, serving as the building blocks of cognitive growth. Except, with simple schemes, which are the first schemes to develop in a child’s life, the child has very li ttle, if any, past experiences to guide his or her thoughts. Therefore, early thoughts depend almost entirely on the new born child’s reflexes to senses. These basic schemes later combine with each other in order to develop more complex schemes that are more capable of guiding the child than reflexes. However, the complexity of the schemes depend upon how well and how much an individual either assimilates or accommodates information that is new to the mind. If schemes are considered building blocks, then the assimilation and accommodation processes can best be describes as the construction crews. These two processes aid in cognitive growth by arranging the new information with schemes that are already present in the individual’s mind. The more new information the child assimilates or accommodates, the less his or her schemes will have to rely on physical objects to create cognitive operations. Of course, according to Piaget’s stage model, this reliance on physic al objects will not decrease until the latter stages of the child’s cognitive growth. While both the assimilation and accommodation processes are responsible for establishing a perfect cognitive fit between the scheme and the information, each completes the process in different manners, hence the need for two different terms. Assimilation reconfigures the new data to fit with existing schemes, and the accommodation process restructures a child’s schemes to accommodate the new environmental information. As Piaget states, â€Å"Accommodation is the adjustment of the scheme to the particular situation.† He goes on to give an example of the two processes: An infant who’s just discovered ha can grasp what he sees (will then assimilate) everything he sees to the schemes of prehension, that is, it becomes an object to grasp as well as an object to look at or an object to suck on. But if it’s a large object for which he needs both hands he will (accommodat e) the scheme of prehension. The main component of Jean Piaget’s development theory has been addressed somewhat, but a factor of this importance requires much more attention. The key component is the stage model of cognitive growth. Piaget makes it clear that these stages are not determined by age, but cognitive development in this very brief explanation of the model, â€Å"The stages are an order of succession. The development isn’t according to the average age.† He goes on to describe the model as a â€Å"sequential order† of cognitive growth. The stage model is made of four stages and as one may infer from the statements form Piaget, these stages are discontinuous. The first stage the child goes through is the sensorimotor. During this stage there is â€Å"the existence of an intelligence before language.† While age does not determine the stage of growth, the average age of children in this stage is birth to two years old. Piaget’s conclu sion on this stage is that â€Å"the child is tied to the immediate environment and motor-action schemes, lacking the cognitive ability to represent objects symbolically.† The main task during the sensorimotor stage is for the child to control and coordinate his or her body. While in the second year, most children begin, â€Å"to form mental representation of absent objects.† Finally, at the end of the sensorimotor stage the child moves rather easily, can identify family members, has developed an understandable language level, yet the child is still â€Å"illogical, egocentric, and unaware of his self.† The next stage is the pre-operational which ahas an approximate range of age from two to seven years old. During this time, unfortunately, the child still can not carry out logical operations. However, to reach this stage the child must increase the speed of his or her manipulations, and become involved with more complex tasks. The child also creates mental symbo ls for physical objects during this phase. Most importantly, though, are the three features that preoccupy the mid during this stage: egocentrism – focus revolves around themselves and no one else; animistic thinking – believing inanimate objects have life and that they think; and there is centration – in which the child is often too focused on one characteristic of the perception, thus, the child is prevented form understanding the entire perception. Jean Piaget also notes that by the end of this stage the child develops, â€Å"language, symbolic play, and mental images (which) permit the representation of thought, but it is a preoperational thought.†The approximate age for the third phase of cognitive development is seven to eleven years of age. The child can not think in abstracts during the concrete operational stage, but can maintain mental operations which allows them to solve problems that are concrete such as addition and subtraction. During this stage, the child has a general knowledge of the requirements and guidelines for a complex task but the child can not complete the task because he or she can not visualize any possibilities. This is because all possibilities are represented by abstractions and the child can only represent objects in the concrete form. However, the child does begin to focus on the entire perception, slowly breaking away from the centration feature that is prevalent during the preoperational stage. Also, the egocentrism that was so obvious during the preoperational stage is usually left behind at that stage. One last improvement in the child’s cognitive development is that the child now understands the idea of matter conservation. The last stage of cognitive growth according to Jean Piaget is the formal operational which usually consists of individuals on the average of eleven years old. The child’s cognitive formal operations, â€Å"no longer related directly to objects.† The chil d can now think in abstracts and he or she realizes that their reality is not the only one that exists. The child also has â€Å"all the mental structures needed to go from being na?ve thinkers to experts.† Piaget described this stage best when he said that â€Å"The great novelty of this stage is that the adolescent becomes capable of reasoning correctly.† Overall, the schemes, the assimilation and accommodation processes, and the stage model all are constructs that not only support Piaget’s brilliant theory, but they themselves are innovative theoretical components. Of Mice And Men_imagry EssayImpact on SocietyJean Piaget was the leaning experimental epistemologist, thanks in some part to Simon and Binet’s work, but he set the standard that would not be accepted by the ethnocentric Americans until they were desperate during the Cold War and decided to open their eyes and accept his findings. Once they did this, they implemented Piaget’s theory into many American school systems which would have had a much more beneficial outcome had the powers that be implemented the great man’s work more carefully. Yet Piaget and his theory have survived and he is labeled as â€Å"the dominant force in shaping the cognitive-field and perceptual-field theories.† His theory was strong because he placed intellectual development over the child’s emotional, social, and moral development because he viewed the intellect as having influence over these other developing entities. In conclusion, Piaget summarized the cognitive developme nt theory best in this statement: â€Å"My secret ambition is that the hypotheses one could oppose to my own ill finally be seen not to contradict them but to result from a normal process of differentiation.† Biographies